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![]() ![]() This allowed time to let the deceased remain at home for a period of mourning and to allow his family and friends to organize the procession to ferry the body across to the west bank of the Nile for burial. It stipulates that the embalming was to begin four days after death. The Louvre Papyrus also gives details of mummification. Perhaps the papyrus was intended to insure that proper rituals accompanied the mummy, in case the actual rituals and bandaging were not performed correctly. What was the purpose of natron in the mummification process professional#The papyrus, written in a fine professional hieratic hand dating from the Roman period, left blank spaces where the deceased's name would occur, and were later filled in by the deceased's family in crude hand. It certainly was not intended as an embalmer's reference, since it was written to be sold to the family and placed in the coffin. Rather, it describes a procedure that should have already taken place by the time the mummy had been placed in the tomb. ![]() It is not like the Book of the Dead, which has spells to assist the deceased's resurrection in the next world. It is difficult to understand the purpose of this papyrus. ![]() The papyrus described the bandaging of a mummy, including the order in which the limbs were to be wrapped, and the rituals performed. The Cairo text was discovered in 1857 in a tomb at Thebes belonging to a man named Heter who bore the titles " Divine Father", " Prophet of Amun", and " Chief of the Priests of Sekhmet". One version is in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, and the other is in the Louvre in Paris (Serge 1952). The only other papyri that tell us anything about mummification are called "The Ritual of Embalming". In these papyri, we are provided with details of the mummification procedures, but there is again no mention of the surgical procedures that were used. Taami's papyrus is also written in hieratic and demotic text and suggests that she had little time to mourn her husband. The second papyrus in the tomb, was for Taami, the wife of Montu-Sehef, who was the owner of the first papyrus. Considering all the ceremonies described in the papyrus, it is surprising that there is no mention of the surgical procedures, the removal of the brain and evisceration, performed at the time of mummification. The papyrus states that during the first thirty-six days of mummification, eight ceremonies were performed, followed by an additional nine days until the seventh day, when the mummy was finally placed in its tomb. We learn that the mummy was bathed in the "Pool of Khonsu," the legs, arms, torso and back were at rest for thirty days in the "Place of Cleansing". The papyrus specifies the exact dates on which various rituals of mummification take place. Written in both hieratic and demotic, it provides interesting details of mummification. The first was prepared for Montu-Sehef, who lived in Mermothes and died at the age of 59 in 9 BC, during the first year of the reign of Emperor Augustus. The two Rind Papyri were discovered in an intact tomb of the Roman period. The Rind Papyri, discovered in 1856 by Alexander Rhind, a Scottish Lawyer, describes many details of mummification (Birch 1863). The closest we have are the few papyri that describe what happened to the mummy after the surgical procedures. The ancient Egyptians practiced mummification for more than two thousand years, but they have left us no description of the surgical procedures undertaken during embalming. Palabras claves: Egipto, arqueología experimental, prácticas mortuorias. Este informe presenta los procedimientos quirúrgicos utilizados durante el proceso de momificación. Los autores intentaron replicar el sistema de momificación egipcia en un cadáver humano actual y en un trabajo anterior, los autores publicaron sus resultados sobre el uso de natron en la momificación antigua. Key words: Egypt, experimental archaeology, mortuary practices. ![]() This paper discusses the surgical procedures used in evisceration during mummification. In a previous paper, the authors reported their findings on the use of natron in ancient mummification. The authors attempted to replicate Egyptian mummification with a human cadaver. E-mai1: of Maryland, School of Medicine, 655 W Baltimore St., Baltimore, MD 21201, U. *Long Island University, Philosophy Department, C W Post College, Greenvale, NY U.S.A. EGYPTIAN MUMMIFICATION Bob Brier *, Ronald S. ![]()
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